KINDS OF VARIATION

BACKGROUND

Everyone speaks at least one language, and probably most people in the world speak more than one. Even Americans, most of whom speak only English, usually know more than one dialect. Between the speakers of any language there is variation in the way that they use their language. This variation is demonstrated by linguistic differences in terms of sound (phonetics) and structure (grammar). There might be only slight variations between forms of a language – such as minor pronunciations of words or a slight changes of grammatical structure that do not inhibit intergroup communication.

KINDS OF VARIATION

1.      Phonetic variation

Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker.

Example:

Word	British english	American english
Go	gəʊ	goʊ
Walk	wɔːk	wɑːk
Wash	wɒʃ	wɑːʃ
Board	bɔːd	bɔːrd
Caught	kɔːt	kɑːt

Word	Read
ompung	oppung
manghophop	manghokkop
mangharejoi	mangkarejoi
umbahen	ubbahen

2.      Phonological variation

Phonology is about establishing what are the phonemes in a given language, i.e. those sounds that can bring a difference in meaning between two words.

Example:

·         bat /bæt/  - pat /pæt/

·         had /hæd/ – hat /hæt/

·         glue /gluː/ – blue /bluː/

·         sat /sæt/ – vat /væt/

·         bad /bæd/  – had /hæd/

·         Tahu –tahu

saya makan tahu hari ini

Saya tahu bahwa dia adalah seorang presiden

·         Apel- apel

Toni suka makan apel

Pak Polisi sedang melakukan apel

·         Mental –mental

Bola itu mental kearahku

Pembangunan Mental bangsa juga penting untuk kemajuan Negara

·         Malas-malas

Malas uhur mangidah itoanan

Malas iba mamereng ho

·         Manggoluh-mangolu

Dekke manggoluh alani aek

Mulak mangolu Tuhan Yesus

3.      Morphological variation

Morphology is the study of meaningful form or the smallest meaningful units of language.

Example:

·         Happy – happiness

·         Sad – sadness

·         Beauty – beutiful

·         Boyfriend – exboyfriend

·         count – countable

·         doding – mandoding

ahu mandoding ende pujian

·         bege- mambege

hassit ulukku mambege soaram

·         tangi- tangihon

tangihon ma poda ni natua-tua

·         olop-olophon

olophon ma debata sian bagasan ni roham

·         tona-tonahon

tonahon ma angka na dumenggan to pinomparmu

4.      Syntactic variation

Syntax is the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language.

Example:

·         Hanami manduda itak i jabu

     S             V        O     Adv

·         Martonggo bani naibata ma hita haganup

      V               O                     S                  

·         Ahu manangar poda ni inang sadari on

   S        V               O                  Adv

·         Hanami mandodingkon doding haleluya i gereja

     S             V                         O                Adv

·         Manapul jabu anggiku sonari

     V         O      S           Adv

·         Manunci abit ahu i panuncian

    V          O    S        Adv

·         I study english in univercity nommensen

S    V      O                Adv

·         My mother cooked fried rice last morning

       S            V            O            Adv

·         Father is going to the office

    S          V            Adv

·         Saya minum susu setiap pagi

   S      V          O      Adv

5.      Semantic variation

Semantics is the study of the meaning of language.

·         Rose - love or pashion

·         The verb motion can mean walk, run, fall, plod, hurry or fly.

·         The word create can mean build, make, construct, erect, compose or imagine.

·         A flower may be yellow; but, the hair color would be blonde.

·         A barking dog can be good, especially if he is a guard dog, or can be bad because he is untrained and awakens people.

·         The simple word "on" can have many meanings, such as: on call, on the roof, on cloud nine, on edge, on fire, on purpose, on demand, on top, or on the phone.

·         Menjuah-juah – selamat datang

Menjuah-juah kita krina

·         Sebatang kara – sendirian

Dian hidup sebatang kara

·         Kabar angin- berita tidak jelas

Aku tidak percaya dengan kabar angin yang terdengar sekarang

·         Kambing hitam – orang yang di persalahkan

Toni di jadikan kambing hitam di kejadian pembunuhan itu