1.
Spoof
Definition:
Spoof text
is a text which tells the events of the past with an unexpected ending and
funny.
Purpose:
To entertain
the readers with funny story.
Generic Structures:
·
Orientation: Introduction of the participant of the
story, where it happens and when it happens. By giving the orientation, reader
will recognize the story.
·
Events: Tells about the chronological of the story.
Several events are explored in chronological way which able to arrange the
story read nicely.
·
Twist: An unpredictable plot in the end of the story
which amuse the reader. Readers even didn’t predict before that it would be.
Language Features:
1. Focusing on individual participant like as
people, animals or certain things
2. Using past sentence
3. Using action verb (ate, ran, was walking,
etc.)
4. The use of adverbial phrase of time and place
(in the garden, two days ago)
5. Told in chronological order
6. Use of direct speech or indirect speech for
the dialogues
7. The use of connective (first, then, finally)
Example:
Green Pink and Yellow
Can you name
the colors in English? Yes, you’re right. Blue, red, yellow, and so on. By the
way, I have funny story about the colors. Do you want to hear it? Okay, listen
to me carefully. One day, an
English teacher was explaining about colors to his students. After he had
finished explaining, he asked his students. “Who can make a sentence using the
words green, pink, and yellow?” Kris the
cleverest student in the class, quickly raised up his hand and answered, “when
the yellow morning sun comes, I see a beautiful girl wearing a pink dress
walking through the green grass”. “Great!
Kris, you are a very good student.” said the teacher. “Me, me,
sir” Niel, the most stupid student in the class said while rising his hand. And
the said, “I heard the telephone was ringing green …… green, then I pink up the
receiver and I said “Yellow, who’s speaking there?”
2. Recount
Definition:
Recount text is text
that retell about a story, experience, and other. recount text use simple past tense or past perfect tense in its
phrase. recount text retell about past event. recount text use adverbs
of time, for example : when, one day, once upon a time, last holiday , after,
before, and other. its very easy to different recount text from another text. you can make recount text
from your story.
Purpose :
To retell something that
happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : provides the setting and introduces participants.
Events : tell what happened, in what sequence.
Re-orientation : optional-closure of events.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on specific Participant.
Use of material processes.
Circumstances of time and place.
Use of past tense.
Focus on temporal sequence.
Example:
LATENESS
Last morning, Dinar, my roommate woke up late and
she had to go to campus. When
she wanted to take her motorcycle, in fact she couldn’t move it because there
were some motorcycles that blocked up her motorcycle. She tried to move all of the
motorcycles, so that her motorcycle could move from the garage. But she
couldn’t do it. Then,
she called Adel who had that motorcycle which blocked it up. After that, her
friend who had that motorcycle helped her. Finally,
she could move her motorcycle and rode it to go to campus.
3. Narrative
Definition:
Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries
to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative
text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the
narrative through a process narration.
Purpose :
To amuse, entertain and to
deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; narratives deal
with problematic events which lead to a crisis or lurning point of some kind,
which in turn finds a resolution.
Generic Structure :
Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Complication : a crisis arises.
Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
Re-orientation : optional.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus and specific and usually
Individualized Participant.
Use of Material processes (and in this text, behavioual and verbal processes).
Use of Relational Processes and Mental Processes.
Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal Circumstances.
Use of past tense.
Type of Narrative :
Adventure, mystery, science
fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, contemporary fiction, dilemma stories,
dialogue, myths, legends, fairy tales, fables.
Example :
The Legend of Toba Lake
Once upon time, there
was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day,
he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The
fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could
not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed
into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love
with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara
Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and
promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They were married
happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his
daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of
fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and
talked her about it.
The mother was
very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily.
Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a
very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake
is known as Toba lake.
4. Procedure
Definition:
Procedure
text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved
through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform
different processes in a sequence of steps.
Purpose :
To describe how something is
accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
Generic Structure :
Goal
Material (not required for all procedural texts).
Step 1-n (i.e. Goal followed by a series of steps oriented to achieving the
Goal)
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generalized human agents.
Use of simple present tense, often Imperative.
Use mainly of temporal conjuctions (or numbering to indicate sequence).
Use mainly of Material Processes.
Example :
Planting Chilies
Planting is
a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information on how
to plant a chili-plant easily.
Here are the steps.
1. Dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
2. Put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area
3. Wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.
4. Put it in another big pot. It will
soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us some fresh chilies soon.
5. Hortatory Exposition
Definition :
Hortatory
exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the
listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.
Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but
if we have to differentiate both from one to each other, we have one useful
tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes hortatory
different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which
analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by
certain a recommendation.
Purpose :
To persuade the readers or
listener that somethings should or should not be the case.
Generic Structure :
Thesis : announcement of issue
concern.
Arguments : reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.
Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not to happen.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and
non-human Participants, except for speaker or writers referring to self.
Use of :
Mental Processes : to state what writer thinks or feels about issue, e.g.
realize, feel, appreciate.
Material Processes : to state what happens e.g., is polluting, drive, travel,
spend, should be treated.
Relational Processes : to state what is or should be, e.g., doesn’t seem to
have been, is.Use of simple
present tense
Example:
Wearing Helmet
Why Should
Wearing a Helmet when Motorcycling.We often hear lots of stories from road
regarding people taking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using
helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.
Wearing a fitted
protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of
riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can
save a rider’s life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended
designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only
protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying
bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.
Second, wearing a
helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity
for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they
way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to others, it means
a lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the
various styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing a
helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of
motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road.
However, what
most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it properly.
Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not
good if they places simply the helmets on the head without settling them
properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order
to get safe and comfort.
6.
Anecdote
Definition:
An anecdote
is a type of spoken or written text that deals with past incidents. The
function is to retell an account or story of unusual or amusing incident. The
incident happened in the past. The purposes are sharing with others an usual or
amusing incident and entertaining others.
Generic
Structure of Anecdote
Abstract : Signals the RETELLING of an unusual
or amusing incident
Orientation : Sets the scene
Crisis : Provides details of the unusual incident.
Reaction : Reaction to the crisis
Coda (optional) : Reflection on or
evaluation of the incident
Generic Features
1. It uses exclamation, rhetorical
question and intensifiers (e.g. really, very, quite etc). They are used to
point up the significance of the events.
2. It usually uses Simple Past Tense.
3. Past continuous tense is sometimes used
4. Use of temporal sequencers to show the sequence of story. They are:
Before …
After …
When …
While …
… until …
During …
As …
At that time …
At that moment …
After that …
After then …
Firstly …
Secondly …
Finally …
To get better comprehension about anecdote text, here is the summary:
Social Function : to share with others an account of unusual, uncommon or
amusing incident.
The text organization or generic structure of anecdote is
ABSTRACT : signals the retelling of unusual, uncommon or amusing
incident
ORIENTATION : introduction or sets the scene
CRISIS : provides details of unusual, uncommon or amusing incident
INCIDENT : reaction to the CRISIS
CODA : (OPTIONAL), a reflection or an evaluation of unusual, uncommon or
amusing incident
3. The language features of anecdote text are:
a. using exclamation (e.g great!, what a bad day!, a very strange incident!
etc)
b. using of rhetorical questions (e.g what do you like to do when you make
wrong thing? , oh no, it is a stupid thing, isn’t?)
c. using intensifiers (e.g very, so + adjective , much etc)
d. using material processes (e.g protected, employed, spoke etc)
e. using temporal conjunctions (e.g then, afterwards, ever since, while,
before, after etc).
Example:
Misunderstanding
Taking the
wrong assumption? This is very abashed. Actually I was so embarrassed about
this incident. I think many people will laugh when they know it.
One day my brother and I were watching television at home. suddenly there were
many people brought many chairs from my neighbor's house and I saw it. At that
moment I was afraid and I said to my father about this incident. My father run
and said, "Thief...thief...thief.... catch them!" but suddenly he
stopped. In fact the people were not thieves because one of them is my uncle.
My father said to me, "Oh ... no Hen, He is your uncle. it is
terrible".
After that my father chatted with my uncle. I was so embarrassed to them. I was
not brave to go out. Then my father talked to me. I just laughed and was
afraid. My mother laughed after listening this story and she told me,
"That is funny, Henny".
When I meet my uncle, I feel shy to him because I always remember this
incident. I hope my uncle forget it and I will not be shy anymore.
This experience was so funny in my life. I take the wrong assumption about
someone whom I called as a thief. May be because of night, I could not see
clearly. I always remember it and I do not forget it. I think this experience
can be a lesson for me.
NOTES:
Exclamations,
rhetorical questions and intensifiers are used to point up the significant of
the events or incidents. And Material processes and temporal conjunctions are
used to tell what is going on or happened. Material
processes are verbs that show us what happened and what someone do or what is
done. Temporal
conjunctions are conjunctions that show the time sequence of events.
7. Description
Definition:
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or
a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person,
place, or thing
Purpose :
To describe a particular
person, place or thing in detail.
Generic Structure :
Identifications : identifies
phenomenon to be described.
Description : describes parts qualities, characteristics.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on particular
Participant.
Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups.
Use of simple present tense.
Example :
MacQuarie
University
Macquarie
University is one of the largest universities in Australia. This year, in 2004,
it celebrates its 40th anniversary. The university is located at the
North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South Wales government sets aside
135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was a rural retreat
on the city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings have evolved
beyond recognition. The North Ryde District has grown into a district of
intensive occupation anchored by a vibrant and growing university.Blessed with
a fortunate location and room to breathe, Macquarie can be proud of that
careful planning that retains and enrich the university’s most attractive
natural features. A pleasing balance between buildings and plating is evident
across the campus. This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created
images of Macquarie as a place that members of the university are most likely
to pleasurably recollect.One of the highlights of the landscape is the Mars
Creek zone. It comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor, a grass
amphitheatre, and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks and pebbles, native
plants and eucalypts.
Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time,
Macquarie will be the only university in Australia with a railway station on
site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily accessible in Sydney region by
rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.
8. Report
Definition :
A report text is a type of document written by someone or group of people
to announce the result of an investigation or announce something to the proper
authorities. The information given in a report text is very general
information.
Purpose :
To describe the way things are, with reference to arange of natural, man-made
and social phenomena in our environment.
Generic Structure :
General classifications : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.
Description tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of (1)
parts, (2) qulitifies, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non-natural.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on Generic Participant.
Use of Relational Processes to state what is and that which it is.
Use of simple present tense (uniess extinct).
No temporal sequence.
Example:
Human Body Energy
Human body is actually a
living machine and is like all other machines. This living machine needs fuel
to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we eat.
However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?
The energy value
of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat which
is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number
of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which
the people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for
standing than for sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.
The energy which is
provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical substances. They are
carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories per gram
(cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains
different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are
all important for body staying healthy.
9.
Analitical Exposition
Definition :
Exposition is a text that elaborates
the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to
persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Purpose :
To persuade the reader or listener that somethings the case.
Generic Structure :
Thesis
Position : introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
Arguments
Point : reslates main arguments outlined in Preview.
Elaboration : develops and supports each point/argument
Reiteration : reslates writer’s position
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and non-human Participants.
Use simple present tense.
Use of Relational Processes.
Use of internal conjunction to state argument
Reasoning through Causal Conjunction or nominalization.
Example:
Jakarta as a Bad Working Place for Expatriates
Jakarta is
the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States
of America, Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report
published by Businessweek.
The Businessweek
report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move into due to
their level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good
and services.
The report
ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi
Arabia, saying the threat of violence from extremest, in particular, was
serious drawback to living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests in
Jakarta, such as the JW Marriot hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere
in the city.
The report
said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of
disease, poor sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing
location.
In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it
could spur the administration to improve its performance.
10.
Explanation
Definiton:
The
explanation text type tells how or why something occurs. It looks at the steps
rather than the things. The purpose of an explanation is to tell each step of
the process (the how) and to give reasons (the why). (Mark Anderson and Kathy
Anderson, 1997:81) Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to
forming of natural, social, scientific, and cultural phenomena. According to
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson (1997: 82) says that the explanation text type
is often used to tell how and why thing (phenomena) occur in nature. Some
examples of explanations are: How something occurs, why something happened, why
things are a like or different, how to solve a problem, etc.
Purpose :
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or
socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure :
A general statement to position the readers.
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
Closing.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic, non-human Participants.
Use mainly of Material and Relational Processes.
Use mainly of temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjuctions.
Some use of Passive voice to get theme right.
Example :
Making Paper
from Woodchips
Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from
forest trees. The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a
selected area of the forest called a coupe. Next the tops and branches of the
trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the bark
of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into
small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and
other impurities.At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed
into pulp by chemicals and heat. The pulp is then bleached and the water
content is removed. Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.
11.
Discussion
Definition :
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem
will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in
philosophical, historic, and social text.
Purpose :
To present information and
opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and
‘Against/Cons’).
Generic Structure :
Issue.
Statement.
Preview.
Arguments for and against or statement of differing points of view.
Point.
Elaboration .
Conclusion or Recommendation.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Focus on generic human and
non-human Participants.
Use of :
Material Processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed.
Relational Processes, e.g., is could have, cause, are.
Mental Processes, e.g. feel
Use of Comperative : contrastive and Consequential cinjunctions.
Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns(abstraction).
Example:
Nuclear Power
The Advantage and
Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various
part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at
Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military
ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of
energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The
advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
* It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
* It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the
greenhouse
effect.
* It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
* It produces small amount of waste.
* It is reliable.
On the other
hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried
for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it
is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go
wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
12.
News
Definition:
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the
day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.
SocialFunction
:
To inform leaders, listeners or viewers about events the day which are
consideren newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure :
Newsworthy event(s) : recounts the event in summary from.
Backround events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
Sources : comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on
the event.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :
Short, telegraphic information
about story captured in headline.
Use of Material Processes to retell the events
(in the text bellow, many of the Material Processes are nominalised).
Use of projecting Verbal Processes in sources stage.
Focus on Circumstances (e.g.mostly within qualifiers)
Example :
Malaysian Women Suggested to
Carry Condoms
Malaysian Deputy
Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a condom to protect against HIV, a
news report said.“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the
first ones to get exploited by their partners (whom are infected by
HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad was quoted as saying by Sunday Star
Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up to them”.
Abdul latiff made
remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day, which was
celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for
HIV-victim. In the past the event was held behind closed door.
Last year, 745
Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were diagnosed with
AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian have
been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is
steadily rising.
Malaysian Aids
Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying besides sex
workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected unknowingly
by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can protect
them. But there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though
they know they have HIV” she said.
